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Climate change is a significant threat that continues to escalate with every increment of warming. Increased global warming will intensify multiple and concurrent hazards and escalate risks, causing compound and cascading risks that are more complex and difficult to manage. The likelihood of abrupt and/or irreversible changes increases with higher global warming levels, and adaptation options will become less effective with increasing global warming.
To limit human-caused global warming, deep, rapid, and sustained reductions in greenhouse gas emissions are necessary. All global modeled pathways that limit warming to 1.5°C or 2°C involve immediate greenhouse gas emissions reductions in all sectors this decade. However, if warming exceeds a specified level, it could gradually be reduced again by achieving and sustaining net negative global CO2 emissions, which would require the additional deployment of carbon dioxide removal.
The feasibility and sustainability of overshoot entail Special Data adverse impacts, some irreversible, and additional risks for human and natural systems, all growing with the magnitude and duration of overshoot. Limiting warming to 1.5°C requires net zero CO2 emissions, and projected CO2 emissions from existing fossil fuel infrastructure without additional abatement would exceed the remaining carbon budget for 1.5°C. Therefore, it is crucial to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to avoid irreversible changes, adapt to unavoidable changes, and limit the magnitude and duration of overshoot.
Responses in the Near Term
Climate change severely threatens human well-being and planetary health, and the window of opportunity to secure a sustainable future is rapidly closing. Climate resilient development that integrates adaptation and mitigation is critical to sustainable development, but it requires international cooperation, inclusive governance, and coordinated policies. The choices and actions implemented in this decade will have immediate and long-term impacts.
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Taking deep, rapid, and sustained action on mitigation and adaptation in the near term can reduce projected losses and damages for humans and ecosystems while delivering co-benefits, particularly for air quality and health. Delaying action would lock in high-emissions infrastructure, increase risks of stranded assets, reduce feasibility, and raise losses and damages. While near-term actions may require significant up-front investments and potentially disruptive changes, they can be enabled by a range of policies.
To achieve sustained emissions reductions, rapid and far-reaching transitions across all sectors and systems are necessary. Many feasible, effective, and low-cost options for mitigation and adaptation already exist, but they differ across systems and regions. Mitigation and adaptation actions have more synergies than trade-offs with Sustainable Development Goals, and the success of these actions depends on the context and scale of implementation.
Equity, social justice, inclusion, and just transition processes are crucial for climate-resilient development. Integrating climate adaptation into social protection programs improves resilience, and reducing emission-intensive consumption through behavioral and lifestyle changes can have co-benefits for societal well-being. Effective climate action requires political commitment, well-aligned multilevel governance, institutional frameworks, laws, policies, strategies, and enhanced access to finance and technology. Finance, technology, and international cooperation are critical enablers for accelerated climate action, but there are barriers to redirecting capital to climate action.
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